Issuer profile – overview

Trading Venues

Trading venues covered by londonstockexchange.com website. 

  • LSE Order book 
  • TRADEcho UK (ECHO) On Exchange, OTC and SI 

What is ticker?

Ticker module provides the below information on an Issuer profile page.

Price (trading currency)

The price in this context is the price of a tradable security/instrument. This is the last automatic trade, the last uncrossing price or the mid-price of the best bid and offer prices available for the security. Within brackets you will find the trading currency of the security/instrument.

Change percentage: Intra-day change percentage of the price of tradable security/instrument compared to the last trading day's closing price. 

Net variation: Intra-day change of the price of tradable security/instrument compared to the last trading day's closing price.

Open / Last close

Opening price as a result of the Opening Auction that took place before market open and the result of the previous trading day's Closing Auction taking place immediately after market close.

High / Low

The daily high is the highest price reached during a given day.
The daily low is the lowest price reached during a given day. If there has been no price change during the day then the high and low values will be the same as the previous trading day’s close.

Bid / Offer

The bid price is the buying price for securities in the market (i.e. the highest price any buyer is willing to pay for a specific tradable security/instrument at a given time). The investor will sell for this price.
The offer price is the selling price for securities in the market (i.e. the lowest price any seller has declared that they are willing to accept for a specific tradable security/instrument at a given time). The investor will buy for this.

Special conditions

A security’s percentage change from its previous trading day’s closing share price is calculated by the actual vendor disseminating the data.  Some may rebase the previous trading day’s close official closing price of London Stock Exchange following a corporate action for comparison processes, some may not. When looking at price movement of a security on the first day of trading following its admission, most vendors will use the first actual execution of the day as the base value not the original IPO price. Learn more about Special conditions.

S Stabilisation
XAJ ex-adjustment
XC ex-capitalisation
XD ex-dividend
XLD ex-liquidisation distribution
XO ex-other
XR ex-rights
XCR ex-capital return
XSD ex-stock distribution
XDI ex-div, ex-cap & ex-rights
XRC ex-rights and capitalisation
XDR ex-dividend and rights
XDC ex-dividend and capitalisation
XA ex-all
XV ex-various

 

Trading status

Indicates the current trading status of the security/instrument. A list of all possible trading statuses are listed below.

Trading Status Value Description
S Suspended
H Halted
R Restricted
N Normal
T Regular Trading
a Open Auction Call
r Periodic Auction Call
d Closing Auction Call
e AESP Auction Call
d Closing Auction Call
q EDSP Auction Call
F Resume Auction Call
G Scheduled Level 1 Only Auction
b Post-close
x End of Post Close
u Closing Price Crossing Session
m Pre-Mandatory Quote Period
n Mandatory Quote Period
o Post-Mandatory Quote Period
c Closed

 

Track button

Using the track button, you can add this security/instrument to your virtual portfolio, watchlist or you can create email alerts to receive all the recent updates related to this security/instrument.

More instruments button

If a company/issuer holds one or more security/instrument listed on London Stock Exchange, this button appears with the number of other securities/instruments. Click on this button to access the other securities/instruments listed by the same company/issuer and also the documentation related to the security/instrument.

What is price chart?

  • Price chart shows the share price performance of a security/instrument.
  • All the main functionalities covering security/instrument comparison, chart type selection, technical analysis indicators, time period selection and etc. are available on a single chart.
  • The price chart can be represented as line (selected by default) or candlestick.
  • You can add the below indicators;

Moving Averages

  • Simple Moving Average (SMA) is the simplest available trend tracing indicator. A SMA is defined as the moving arithmetic average of the market prices. Intersections of the SMA and market price graphs or of two SMA graphs are possible sources for the generation of buy and sell signals.
     
  • Exponential Moving Average (EMA) These are moving average share prices. As opposed to the standard average values, the share prices being used to calculate the averages are all weighted differently.

    This is based on the assumption that the more recent prices have a greater effect on future quotes than the prices achieved in the distant past. They are therefore weighted differently. The weighting factor is reduced exponentially with the age of the share price data. For a 38-day average, the highest weighting factor is applied to the most recent share price and the lowest factor is applied to the T-38 price (i.e. the price achieved 38 days before the calculation date).

    Moving average graphs are technical indicators that are very easily calculated and understandable without being any less useful. Their simplest interpretation is that it can be deemed to be a buy/sell signal whenever a value crosses its moving average graph. The number of days used as a parameter is taken from a standard publication on technical analysis (Edwards/Magee: "Technical Analysis of Stock Trends") and is derived from the Dow-theory which is explained in that book. This theory, first postulated by Charles Dow, was the first to describe stock market trends/cycles of different lengths which are superimposed on economy cycles. Dow identified so-called primary (long periods > 2 years), secondary (medium periods: 2 months to 2 years) and tertiary cycles (short periods: up to 2 months). He also defined the 200-day line which is still in use today, the 100-day line as well as a 38-day line which correspond to the above long, medium and short cycles periods.


In-chart Indicators

  • Bollinger Bands - By calculating the so-called "Bollinger bands", an attempt is made to define an area around the chart in which the share prices will most probably move. In order to define this area, lines called "bands" – in the English-speaking world often also referred to as "envelopes" – are calculated. These bands run above or below the actual graphs. The calculation of these bands is quite simple: the standard deviation of a moving average of the share price chart is calculated (upper band = moving average + standard deviation, lower band = moving average / standard deviation). The standard deviation is an expression of the average deviation from the average share price – the bands describe an area in which a certain percentage of share prices can be found in a certain time period. If the intensity of oscillation/volatility of the share price movement increases, the distance between the lines also increases. If the volatility decreased, the bands converge.

    The interpretation of the indicator does not identify clear timing signals. It is generally assumed that the values are seldom found outside the bands. Instead, the share price chart has the tendency to be "repelled" by the band. However, this behaviour does not generally indicate a signal for action although conclusions with regard to the increasing/decreasing strength of a share price movement are possible (example: if the current share price movement runs in the direction of a band, you can assume that the increase/decrease is more likely to lose strength).

    Experience has shown that the interpretation of divergences (different direction of indicator/share price) between share price and band barely yields any exploitable results.
  • Envelopes (similarly to Bollinger bands) are two share price bands which are traced at a predefined identical distance above and below a moving average.

    First of all, a moving average is calculated, then the envelopes are calculated by adding and subtracting an absolute or a percentile value to and from this. Whenever the share price crosses an envelope, this can be used to generate signals, but normally envelopes tend to be interpreted in such a way that they are able to indicate signals for reversal points. When the price approaches a band, this indicates that a price swing is already quite far advanced. Exact timing signals can hatrdly be expected from these, the interpretation is more similar to the procedures with OB/OS indicators.
     
  • Zig-zag is not an indicator as such, as the position and direction of the ZigZag can subsequently change. A ZigZag is therefore only suitable for demonstrating and simplifying share price movements and is often used for Elliot-Wave analysis. The ZigZag percentage determines at which price changes a counteracting "Wave" is traced.
     
  • Stop and Reverse (SAR) system Parabolic is a typical trend tracing indicator. The concept on which the calculation is based is to determine so-called trailing stops. This means that stop prices are calculated continuously or are tracked back to the share price. An acceleration factor is applied to control the distance between the stop and the share price graphs. If the share price exceeds or drops below the trailing stop price, the trader “changes sides”, a stop-loss turns into a stop-buy. These indicators are often also called “SAR" indicators since Welles Wilder mentioned this indicator being a "Stop and reverse system" = SAR.


Additional Diagrams

  • Accumulation Distribution Line (ADL) This is not to be confused with the A/D line (Advance/Decline line) which shows the ratio of increased to decreased shares of an Index/Market. The Acc/Dis line is a trend indicator which is supposed to show the existence or the stability of market trends. This indicator is not a timing indicator.

    The calculation is based on the volatility of the trading day. The difference between the closing price and the day's low/day's high is calculated. The difference between the two values is then divided by the distance between the day's low and day's high (difference). This value is subsequently multiplied by the day's trading volume (weighted). The result can be positive or negative and is added to the value of the previous day. Owing to this calculation, the indicator shows similarities to other "cash flow" indicators (On-Balance-Volume). It is in effect supposed to show the liquidity flow.

    To interpret this indicator, one has to look at the divergences between the share price development and the indicator. If, for example, the share price increases further and the indicator does not follow this movement, this is regarded as a sign that the share price movement is not backed by sufficient liquidity/volume and thus cautious trading is recommended. The indicator therefore has a "confirmative role" – timing notifications are not possible/do not make sense.
     
  • Aroon (AR) indicator is a trend-following indicator that uses aspects of the Aroon Up and Down Indicators to gauge the strength of a current trend and the likelihood that it will continue.

    Aroon oscillator readings above zero indicate that an uptrend is present, while readings below zero indicate that a downtrend is present. Traders watch for zero line crossovers to signal potential trend changes. They also watch for big moves, above 50 or below -50 to signal strong price moves.
     
  • Aroon Up/Down (ARUD) A concept closely related to the RSI. This indicator does not measure the distance between the current share price and the high/low of a period, but the time which has elapsed since the last high/low instead. Thus, it is basically a variation of the well-known RSI. Upward trends are displayed by the Aroon-Up if they reach specific indicator values, downward trends are displayed in the Aroon-Down if they reach specific indicator values. At the same time the points of intersection of the indicators are also used as signals. The periods of time used as parameters show quite an extensive range (between 1 and 500 days – although in most cases they are used for short-term trends with parameters up to 30)
     
  • Average Directional Index (ADX) This is a further variant of a different indicator. The ADX is a simple smoothing of the DMI (directional movement index). It is a well-known trend indicator. However, the ADX does not forecast a trend – it only measures the intensity or the existence of a trend. An inclining ADX line is interpreted as being the beginning of a trend or as increased intensity of a trend.

    However, no statement is made with regard to the direction of the trend. A declining ADX indicates the end of a trend or decreasing intensity of the trend.

    The most useful thing about the ADX is that no oscillators based on price fluctuations/tertiary trends are used to show a strongly dominant trend.

    During a dominant and powerful trend the user is prevented from following false signals which oscillators would send out if they were applied. However, should the ADX display that there is no strong trend (usually shown by a sideward movement with largely varying prices), the use of an oscillator is more promising.
     
  • Average True Range (ATR) is calculated from the average of the respective maximum: the period's high minus the low of the previous period, the period's high minus the closing price of the previous period and the period's low minus the closing price of the previous period. Extreme values of the ATR point to exaggerations and thus to potential turning points of a trend.
     
  • Chaikin Oscillator (CHO) is fully based on the idea of Acc/Dis lines. It is calculated from the difference between two moving averages of different lengths, generated on the Acc/Dis line. With this construction principle, the Chaikin is a typical oscillator which oscillates around a reference line. The idea of the oscillator is to show trend changes in the Acc/Dis line, i.e. in the cash flow before they take place.
     
  • Directional Movement Indicator (DMI) attempts to detect trend changes. It is calculated on the basis of two different indices which are designated +DI, a line for upward swings, and -DI, a line for downward swings. The underlying concept is based on the assumption that today's high will be greater than yesterday's high if there is an upward trend, and that today's low will be lower than yesterday's low if there is a downward trend. Days on which this occurs are called outside/inside days.

    The greater the difference between +DI and -DI, the greater the DMI and the stronger the respective trend is, an upward trend being characterized by +DI being greater than -DI and a downward trend being characterized by -DI being greater than +DI. The point at which +DI and -DI cross can also be interpreted as a trade alarm indicator, whereby it is considered to be a “buy” signal when the rising +DI graph crosses the -DI line. The opposite situation is then considered to be a “sell” signal.
     
  • Fast Stochastics (STOF) is an oscillator function developed by George C. Lane. It comprises two graphs, called K% and D% lines, respectively. D% is the smoothened version of K%.

    These two graphs crossing in the oversold or overbought range can be interpreted as being a buy or sell signal, respectively.

    Fast stochastics are often used to analyze markets in a sideways phase when there is no noticeable trend.
     
  • Historical Volatility (HV) is a descriptor for the intensity of variations in quotes/equity prices within a specified period. A volatility can be calculated for various periods and is normally based on a full year.

    The volatility frequently indicates whether there is a trend or not (volatility decreases in very strong trends as there will not be many price swings opposing the trend direction).

    Frequently a strong increase in the historic volatility is observed at times of a trend reversal. This reflects the market participants’ intense insecurity with regard to future price developments, which leads to their activities causing strong upward and downward price swings.
     
  • Momentum Indicator (MOM) are among the absolute "classical” technical analysis elements. The assumption underlying the calculation is that price variations will decrease at times when a correction or a possible trend reversal is due. Frequently it can be observed that the driving forces or acceleration of price changes increase at the start of price changes but decrease as the change period comes to an end, and this effect can be explained theoretically by behavioral psychology aspects. The core of this assumption is that groups of buyers and sellers "jump on the bandwagon" when prices start changing, therefore amplifying the change, and when the change rate diminishes again, the opposite occurs. In standard publications on technical analysis, this is often exemplified by the metaphor of an apple which is thrown up in the air. The speed of the apple decreases until it reaches the apex of its trajectory then increases again. The theory postulates that share prices should behave in a similar manner.

    The momentum value is an attempt to describe or model this deceleration and acceleration effect. A momentum value, in mathematical terms, is nothing other than the absolute or percentile difference between the current value and a historical value. This is calculated on a daily basis and plotted against a scale. Momentum indicators can be interpreted in different ways. On the one hand, one can monitor the divergence of prices from the momentum development; on the other hand, momenta are often used in the same way as oscillators. Frequently it is considered to be a signal when the baseline is crossed. However, better results are often obtained by calculating and applying a “trigger/release/signal” graph which is calculated as a simple moving average of the original momentum. Crossovers/reversals can generate signals. As with most of the technical indicators, a certain amount of practice and acquaintance with the methods of interpreting these tools improves the results. An analyst must, by observing the indicator, gradually develop a feeling for the most probable developments – if he knows how the data are calculated and knows the latest price developments he can then anticipate the emerging indicator scenario.
     
  • Moving Average Convergence / Divergence (MACD) expresses the distance (difference) between two moving averages (exponential MAs) calculated for different periods. Usually a further moving average (also exponential) is calculated in addition to the MACD in order to obtain a trigger graph. Signals are generated by reversals and intersections. This is a derivative of the momentum concept: convergence of the averages is interpreted as being a “value" of the increase / decrease of the price variation intensity. As with all indicators of this type, the parameter values are oriented on the length of the predominant trends. This is accompanied by the danger that a sudden structural discontinuity or changed trend situation cannot be detected correctly – a risk that is characteristic of all concepts of this kind – and that this might lead to erroneous signals. As a rule, MACDs are preferably used for assessing medium to long-term trends. In this case, a greater distance from the median line indicates a more intense trend. Already the fact that the indicator is calculated using the difference between two moving averages implies that it is not possible to deduce any short term signals that make sense.
     
  • On-Balance Volume (OBV) is intended to indicate whether liquidity is being added to a market or equity or is being withdrawn from it. The OBV is similar to the accumulation/distribution line. To this end, the transaction volume is subtracted from the previous day's OBV if the share prices have dropped or added to it if the share prices have risen.

    The OBV is monitored as an OBV trend change and is supposed to indicate an impending trend change in the underlying instrument price. Primarily, the convergence/divergence between the OBV graph and the share price graph of the underlying instrument is monitored. If a new index maximum or minimum peak is not confirmed by a corresponding maximum or minimum in the OBV graph, an impending trend swing is probable.
     
  • Rate Of Change (RoC) There are many variations/types of momentum indicators. The most puritanical form is the simple rate of change (RoC - often also called "RoC indicator"). The rate of change oscillator describes the change of a price over a specified period as a percentage. The rate and direction of the price changes are determined by the location and amplitude of the indicator. As in other momentum indicators, oscillator reversal points are a sign of decreasing trend intensity. A RoC that is not smoothened is normally poorly suited for determining trends or generating signals.
     
  • Relative strength index (RSI) according to Welles Wilder This indicator is not related to the relative strength, i.e. calculating the ratio of two share price changes. The present index is a momentum indicator which is supposed to describe/model the internal strength of a financial instrument within a certain period and which is calculated only from the actual series of share prices. The original period parameter value selected by Wilder was 14 days.

    The ratio of upward movements in this period to the downward movements of the same period is an indicator with a value between 0 and 100. A value of zero shows that the financial instrument has no “internal strength” whatsoever, a value of 100 extreme “internal strength”. Standardization or, if desired, a normalization of the indicator by defining the variation and keeping it constant, is advantageous for interpreting this indicator.

    This indicator is normally used to identify so-called “overbought/oversold" situations, i.e. boundary situations in which one can expect that the evaluation of the instrument by market stakeholders will change in the near future. It is not possible to deduce exact timing recommendations, but the reaching or departure from the extreme zones (20/80) are nevertheless often used for generating signals.
     
  • Slow Stochastics (STOS) is a momentum indicator that shows the location of the close relative to the high-low range over a set number of periods. The indicator can range from 0 to 100.

    The closing price tends to close near the high in an uptrend and near the low in a downtrend. If the closing price then slips away from the high or the low, then momentum is slowing. Stochastics are most effective in broad trading ranges or slow moving trends. Two lines are graphed, the slow oscillating %K and a moving average of %K, commonly referred to as %D.

    The difference between the Slow and Fast Stochastic Oscillator is the Slow %K incorporates a %K slowing period of 3 that controls the internal smoothing of %K. Setting the smoothing period to 1 is equivalent to plotting the Fast Stochastic Oscillator.
     
  • Ultimate Oscillator (UO) was developed in an attempt to adapt indicators to various trend lengths. Instead of tuning the parameters of individual oscillators to trends with different lengths, the ultimate oscillator is used as an attempt to create a weighted overall indicator from three individual oscillators with different time structures. It is interpreted in a similar manner to other oscillators.
     
  • Volume (VOL) is defined as a regularized version of the volume traded in a period. To regularize the indicator, those period volumes are capped which would exceed the average volume of the investigated periods plus a standard deviation.
     
  • Williams Percent R (%R) is an oscillator variant related closely to the stochastic indicators and RSI. Therefore it is interpreted according to the well-known overbought/ oversold schemata. Overheating/undercooling zones are defined as moving averages that can be used for signal generation. This indicator also describes the distance of the current closing share price within the range of highs and lows in a period, but in this case in terms of a percentage (which is why it is called Williams %R).

Different time range can be selected from the dropdown.

  • 1D
  • 1W
  • 2W
  • 1M
  • 3M
  • 6M
  • 1Y
  • 2Y
  • 5Y
  • Max
  • YTD

What is price information?

Price information section displays the below security/instrument specific information;

  • Open price - Opening price as a result of the Opening Auction that took place before market open
  • Previous close price / date - Result of the previous trading day's Closing Auction taking place immediately after market close
  • Volume - This figure represents the cumulative volume for the day i.e. the total number of shares traded during the current day. A dash is used to identify the cumulative volume for some illiquid securities, and means that there has been no reported trades for that particular security (i.e. a cumulative trading volume of zero).
  • Turnover (on book) - A measure of security/instrument liquidity calculated by dividing the total number of shares traded over a period by the average number of shares outstanding for the period.
  • 52 week range - The lowest and highest price at which a security/instrument has traded during the previous 52 weeks.
  • Total Market Volume - Gives the daily instrument-level summary for UK securities of the volume traded across all market mechanisms, including primary exchange, Multilateral Trading Facilities (MTFs), Systematic Internalisers (SIs) and transactions executed Over The Counter (OTC).

What is instrument information?

Instrument information section displays the below security/instrument specific information;

  • Instrument market cap (£m) - The market value of the company's outstanding shares.
  • Earnings per share
  • Dividend (yield) - measures the quantum of cash dividends paid out to shareholders relative to the market value per share. It is computed by dividing the dividend per share by the market price per share and multiplying the result by 100.
  • Issue date
  • ISIN - International Securities Identification Number
  • SEDOL - Stock Exchange Daily Official List number
  • Market identifier code (MIC) - A unique identification code used to identify securities trading exchanges, regulated and non-regulated trading markets.
  • Country of share register
  • Market segment
  • Trading service
  • Total Market Volume - Gives the daily instrument-level summary for UK securities of the volume traded across all market mechanisms, including primary exchange, Multilateral Trading Facilities (MTFs), Systematic Internalisers (SIs) and transactions executed Over The Counter (OTC).

What is trades table?

Trades table displays the below information of the latest trades published for a particular security/instrument;

  • Date
  • Time
  • Price
  • Currency
  • Volume
  • Trade value
  • Trade type
  • MIC

Trades table under Trade recap tab allows you to filter all the trades published within the day for a particular security/instrument. 

London Stock Exchange publishes the following types of trades:

To understand the full list of trade types, please refer to Guide to the Trading System (MIT201) and the Millennium Exchange and TRADEcho Business Parameters. Both documents be found in the documents and downloads section here.

Types of Trades

TrdSubType

Description

On Exchange / OTC /SI

Venue ID (refer to Millennium Parameters document)

MIT Order book / TRADEcho Manual

Publishes

AT

Not off book

Automatic Trade

On Exchange

See Sector Breakdown tab

OB

Immediate

UT

Not off book

Uncrossing trade

On Exchange

See Sector Breakdown tab

OB

Immediate

PT

Not off book

Closing Price Crossing Session Trade

On Exchange

See Sector Breakdown tab

OB

Immediate

RF

Not off book

Request For Quote

On Exchange

See Sector Breakdown tab

OB

Immediate

IX

Not off book

Internal Cross

On Exchange

See Sector Breakdown tab

OB

Immediate

IB

Not off book

Internal Block Trade Facility

On Exchange

See Sector Breakdown tab

OB

Immediate

CX

Not off book

Committed Cross

On Exchange

See Sector Breakdown tab

OB

Immediate

CB

Not off book

Committed Block Trade Facility

On Exchange

See Sector Breakdown tab

OB

Immediate

N/A

N/A

Off Book - On Exchange

On Exchange

See Sector Breakdown tab

TRADEcho

Immediate / Deferred / No Publication

N/A

N/A

OTC Trade

OTC

XOFF

TRADEcho

Immediate / Deferred / No Publication

N/A

N/A

SI Trade

SI

SINT

TRADEcho

Immediate / Deferred / No Publication

 

Following the introduction of MiFID II, London Stock Exchange publishes the following flags for all trading:

Field name

Flag

Comment

Execution Venue

MIC code corresponding to the relevant venue, for e.g. XLON, XLOM, AIMX, XOFF, SINT

Identification of the venue where the transaction was executed